Fall 2006, Professor Ed Yu


This course provides an in-depth treatment of semiconductor physics and of electronic devices including pn junctions, Schottky and Ohmic contacts, heterojunctions, and bipolar junction transistors at the Senior undergraduate level. ECE 103 or the equivalent is required as a prerequisite. ECE 135A serves as a prerequisite for ECE 135B (Electronic Devices).

Course information, announcements, problem sets, exams, etc. will be made available as the quarter progresses.

This site will be updated throughout the quarter.



Announcements

12/11/06: Final exams may be picked up at my office (3809 EBU1) starting today.
12/11/06: The results for the final exam are as follows: mean = 62.6, median = 66, standard deviation = 19.1, range = 31-84. The full distribution of final exam scores is available. Final exam solutions are also available.
12/1/06: Problem Set 6 has been graded; the graded problem sets are available on the bookcase outside my office.
11/30/06: My office hours for next week will be as follows: Wednesday 12/6/06 10AM-noon.
11/30/06: Problem Set 6 solutions are now available.
11/28/06: To help you prepare for the final exam, you may wish to study the following documents: Fall 2004 Final Exam, Fall 2004 Final Exam solutions, and Fall 2004 Final Exam distribution of scores.
11/7/06: The FINAL EXAM will be administered as scheduled on Thursday 12/7/06, 8:00-11:00AM in our usual lecture location. For the exam, you will be allowed to use a calculator and one page (8.5"x11", ONE SIDE) of notes. You will be required to turn in your page of notes with your exam (it will be returned to you with your graded exam). No other materials, e.g., textbooks, class notes, problem sets, etc. are allowed. You should bring a blue book in which to write your exam. The exam will cover material from the entire quarter.
11/20/06: Solutions to Midterm Exam 2 are available.
11/20/06: The results for the second midterm exam are as follows: median = 55, mean = 56.1, standard deviation = 15.7, range = 37-76. The full distribution of scores is also available.
11/20/06: Problem Set 6 was distributed in class on Thursday 11/16/06 and will be due in class on Thursday 11/30/06.
11/14/06: Problem Set 5 solutions are now available.
11/7/06: To help you prepare for the second midterm exam, you may wish to study the following documents: Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 2, Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 2 solutions, and Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 2 distribution of scores.
11/7/06: The SECOND MIDTERM EXAM will be administered as scheduled on Thursday 11/16/06, in class (9:30-10:50AM). For the exam, you will be allowed to use a calculator and one page (8.5"x11", one side) of notes. You will be required to turn in your page of notes with your exam (it will be returned to you with your graded exam). No other materials, e.g., textbooks, class notes, problem sets, etc. are allowed. You should bring a blue book in which to write your exam. The exam will cover material from the cutoff for the first midterm exam through the end of our discussion of pn junctions in lecture on 11/7/06. Mastery of material from earlier in the course that is required to understand pn junctions is assumed as well.
10/31/06: There will be no lecture on Thursday 11/9/06.
10/31/06: Problem Set 5 was handed out in class today and is due in class on Tuesday 11/14/06.
10/31/06: Problem Set 4 solutions are now available.
10/24/06: Problem Set 4 was handed out in class today and is due in class on Tuesday 10/31/06.
10/24/06: Problem Set 3 solutions are now available.
10/20/06: Solutions to Midterm Exam 1 are available.
10/20/06: The results for the first midterm exam are as follows: median = 70, mean = 71, standard deviation = 12.9, range = 50-90. The full distribution of scores is also available.
10/10/06: Problem Set 3 was handed out in class today and is due in class on Tuesday 10/24/06.
10/10/06: Problem Set 2 solutions are now available.
10/9/06: To help you prepare for the first midterm exam, you may wish to study the following documents: Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 1, Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 1 solutions, and Fall 2004 Midterm Exam 1 distribution of scores.
10/9/06: The FIRST MIDTERM EXAM will be administered as scheduled on Thursday 10/19/06, in class (9:30-10:50AM). For the exam, you will be allowed to use a calculator and one page (8.5"x11", one side) of notes. You will be required to turn in your page of notes with your exam (it will be returned to you with your graded exam). No other materials, e.g., textbooks, class notes, problem sets, etc. are allowed. You should bring a blue book in which to write your exam. When we are closer to the exam date, I will announce in lecture and post on the web site more detailed information about the material for which you will be responsible for the exam.
10/3/06: Problem Set 1 solutions are now available.
10/3/06: Problem Set 2 was handed out in class today and is due in class on Tuesday 10/10/06.
9/27/06: As I will be out of town Thursday and Friday of this week, I will not have my regular office hours on Friday 9/29. You may contact me by email if you have questions and I will be able to respond on Saturday 9/30.
9/26/06: Problem Set 1 was handed out today (morning lecture) and is due in class on Tuesday 10/3/06.
9/25/06: A MAKEUP LECTURE for this Thursday's missed lecture has been scheduled for TUESDAY 9/26/06, 5:00-6:20PM (tomorrow), in Center 224B.
9/21/06: There will be no lecture on Thursday 9/28/06. A makeup lecture will be scheduled.
9/14/06: The first class meeting will be 9:30AM Thursday 9/21/06.



Table of Contents

Instructor
Teaching Assistants
Grader
Schedule
Texts
Grading
General Course Policy
Course Topics
Lecture Topics and Assigned Reading
Lecture Notes
Problem Sets (downloadable .pdf files) and Solutions
Other Course Materials (links, input files, downloadable .pdf files)



Instructor:

Professor Ed Yu
3809 EBU1
534-6619
ety@ece.ucsd.edu

Office Hours: M 1:00-2:00PM, Fr 9:00-10:00AM
Note: You are generally welcome to stop by outside scheduled office hours, but it is best to make arrangements in advance to ensure that I am present and available when you stop by.



Teaching Assistants:

none





Graders:

TBA



Schedule:

Lectures:
TuTh 9:30-10:50AM, Center 224B.

Discussion sections:
none scheduled



Texts:

Required Text:

Michael Shur, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, (Prentice Hall, 1990).
Available on reserve

Additional References:

Robert F. Pierret, Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, (Addison-Wesley, 1996).
Available on reserve.

B. G. Streetman and S. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, Fifth Edition (Prentice-Hall, 2000).
Available on reserve.

S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Second Edition (John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
Available on reserve.

S. Wang, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Theory and Device Physics, (Prentice-Hall, 1989).
Available on reserve.



Grading:

Grades will be computed using Option 1 and Option 2 below. You will receive the higher of your two computed grades.

Option 1 Option 2
Problem Sets 10% 0% approximately one per week
Midterm 1 20% 25% 9:30-10:50AM, in class, tentatively scheduled for Thursday October 19
Midterm 2 20% 25% 9:30-10:50AM, in class, tentatively scheduled for Thursday November 16
Final Exam 50% 50% 8:00-11:00AM, Thursday December 7, 2006

The above percentages are not carved in stone. If it appears that you have merely had a "bad day" during one of the exams, I am willing to be flexible. However, the degree of flexibility exhibited will be highly dependent on your performance on the other exams and especially on the problem sets!
In general, reasonable partial credit will be given on exams. If an exam regrade is requested, please see the course instructor. At the instructor's discretion the entire exam may be regraded and, depending on the merits of one's request, the overall exam grade may either increase or decrease.



General Course Policy:

See section on Grading for course policies on grading.
Discussion of course material and homework problems is permitted and indeed encouraged. However, each student should work through the homework problems and write up his or her solutions independently. See the class handout or the section of this web site on academic integrity for a more explicit statement of this policy.
Completed problem sets are to be handed in in class. Extensions will not be granted on problem sets except for extremely compelling and thoroughly documented reasons, which must be approved in advance by the instructor. Solutions for the problem sets will generally be available on this Web site after class the same day the assignment is due. No credit will be given for any problem sets received after the solutions have been posted.
Requests for exam rescheduling should be made well in advance of the anticipated exam date. Such requests will generally be honored only for extremely compelling and thoroughly documented reasons. If a rescheduled exam is truly needed, however, we will do our best to make the necessary arrangements.

POLICY ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY:

Ethics and integrity in both academic and professional affairs should be part of your education at UCSD. Academic integrity is a serious matter and will be treated as such in ECE 135A. My hope is that this will be beneficial to your education both technically and in a much broader sense.

While I am confident that the large majority of students will naturally perform in accordance with the university's guidelines and regulations regarding academic integrity, I provide below an explicit statement of course policy in this regard.

Problem Sets:

ECE 135A course policy is that discussion of course material, including homework problems, is allowed and indeed encouraged. However, each student should work through assigned homework problems and write up his or her solutions independently. Problem-solving is an extremely useful skill in itself, and in addition is the only really effective way to learn the material!

Specifically, each student is responsible for working out and writing up his or her own solutions to each problem set. Discussion of the course material and problems is encouraged, but practices such allowing a classmate to copy your homework solutions, or a group working out a problem solution together which everyone then copies down and turns in, are forbidden. Students caught violating course policy on problem sets will receive a warning possibly followed by a grading penalty and further disciplinary action, in accordance with university policy.

Examinations:

In general you will be allowed to use one page (8.5"x11", one side) of notes, a calculator, writing implements and erasers, and blue books during exams. No other materials will be allowed. Students who are caught using unauthorized materials during an exam, copying from a classmate on exams, continuing to work on an exam after time has been called, or violating exam or course rules in some other manner are likely, at a minimum, to receive a score of zero on that exam and may be subject to further disciplinary action, again in accordance with university policy.

For further information:

Students with questions about course policy should consult the course instructor.

UCSD's policy on academic integrity is posted at http://ugr8.ucsd.edu/judicial/ad-guide.html




Course Topics:

Topic Reading (Shur)
Semiconductor material properties:
Basics of quantum mechanics Sections 1.1-1.3
Crystal structure, band structure, Brillouin zones Sections 1.4-1.5
Semiconductor statistics and transport Sections 1.6-1.12
pn junctions
Brief review of pn junction behavior Sections 2.1-2.6, 2.8
pn junctions for optoelectronic devices (Chapter 5)
Tunnel diodes Sections 2.7
Schottky and Ohmic contacts; heterojunctions
Schottky contacts Sections 2.9-2.10
Ohmic contacts Section 2.11
Heterojunctions Section 2.12
Additional topics as time permits



Lecture Topics and Assigned Reading:

9/21/06: Introduction and overview. Basics of quantum mechanics; Schrodinger's equation and wave functions; atomic orbital states.
Reading: Shur, Sections 1.1-1.3.
Handouts: Course syllabus, Course policy on academic integrity.

9/26/06: LECTURE 1 (9:30-10:50AM) - Free-electron states; energy-vs-wave vector relationship; basic concepts for solid-state materials; single-crystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous materials; lattice vectors and unit cells; reciprocal lattice.
Reading: Shur, Sections 1.4-1.5.
Handout: Problem Set 1
9/26/06: LECTURE 2 (5:00-6:20PM) - Brillouin zones; electronic states in crystals; evolution of band structure with atomic spacing; periodic potentials; Bloch's theorem.
9/28/06: No lecture.

10/3/06: Semiconductor energy band structure; direct vs. indirect energy band gaps; semiconductor statistics; Fermi distribution function, density of states.
Reading: Shur, Sections 1.6-1.7.
Handout:Problem Set 2
10/5/06: Electron and hole concentrations; effective densities of states; nondegenerate vs. degenerate semiconductors; law of mass action; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; intrinsic concentration; charge neutrality condition; partial ionization of dopants; carrier concentration vs. temperature.

10/10/06: Carrier transport and generation/recombination; drift motion; mobility and saturation velocity; electrostatic equations; diffusion; Einstein relationships; continuity equations.
Reading: Shur, Sections 1.9-1.12.
Handout:Problem Set 3
10/12/06: Quasi-fermi levels. Introduction to semiconductor pn junctions; built-in potential; depletion approximation; solution to Poisson's equation in depletion approximation; depletion layer width.
Reading: Shur, Sections 2.1-2.4.

10/17/06: Pn junction current-voltage characteristics; injected minority carrier distributions; minority carrier diffusion lengths; ideal diode equation; saturation current density.
10/19/06: MIDTERM EXAM 1

10/24/06: "Short-base" diode; generation and recombination currents; recombination lifetimes.
Handout:Problem Set 4
10/26/06: Generation and recombination currents (continued); nonideal currents in forward and reverse biased pn junctions; ideality factor. Pn junction capacitance; depletion capacitance.
Reading: Shur, Sections 2.5-2.6.

10/31/06: Depletion capacitance (continued); dopant profiling by C-V measurement; diffusion capacitance.
Handout:Problem Set 5
11/2/06: Diffusion capacitance (continued); pn junction small-signal equivalent circuit; pn junction breakdown.
Reading: Shur, Section 2.8.1.

11/7/06: Pn junction breakdown (continued); avalanche breakdown; tunneling and tunneling breakdown; pn junction tunnel diodes. Introduction to Schottky barriers and Schottky diodes.
Reading: Shur, Sections 2.7, 2.9, 2.10.
11/9/06: No lecture.

11/14/06: Ideal n-type and p-type Schottky contacts; work functions and electron affinity; built-in potential and depletion layer width; current flow via thermionic emission.
11/16/06: MIDTERM EXAM 2
Handout:Problem Set 6

11/21/06: Current flow via thermionic emission (continued); Richardson constant; Schottky diode ideality factor; thermionic vs. field emission; Schottky diode equivalent circuit.

11/28/06: Ohmic contacts; ideal vs. tunneling Ohmic contacts; specific contact resistance; lateral currrent flow and transfer length.
11/30/06: Introduction to semiconductor heterojunctions; basic properties of semiconductor heterojunctions; Type I, Type II-staggered, Type II-misaligned; electron affinity rule; semiconductor pn heterojunctions and resulting current flow.
Reading: Shur, Sections 2.11, 2.12.




Problem Sets, Problem Set Solutions, and Midterm Solutions:

Problem sets for ECE 135A may be viewed/downloaded as .pdf files using the links below. In addition, printed copies of the problem sets are generally available in the wall folders outside 3809 EBU1.

Problem set solutions are available here as .pdf files. Solutions are generally made available online after the exam or after class on the day the assignments are due.

Problem Set 1
Problem Set 1 solutions

Problem Set 2
Problem Set 2 solutions

Problem Set 3
Problem Set 3 solutions

Problem Set 4
Problem Set 4 solutions

Problem Set 5
Problem Set 5 solutions

Problem Set 6
Problem Set 6 solutions




Other Course Materials, Links, etc.

Handouts and other supplementary materials for ECE 135A are available using the links below. In addition, printed copies of the handouts are generally available in the wall folders outside 3809 EBU1.

Course Syllabus: .pdf

Course Policy on Academic Integrity: .pdf

Midterm Exam 1 Solutions: .pdf

MATLAB tutorial from Southern Illinois University

MATLAB tutorial from Yale University

PCMolecule2/MacMolecule2 Lite:
To assist in visualizing the structure of various types of crystals and lattices, you may use the PCMolecule2 Lite program along with the following input files for different crystal/lattice types.

PCMolecule2/MacMolecule2 Lite input files:
Diamond (100) structure: Diamond100.mcm
Diamond (110) structure: Diamond110.mcm
Diamond (111) structure: Diamond111.mcm
Zincblende (100) structure: Zincblende100.mcm
Zincblende (110) structure: Zincblende110.mcm
Zincblende (111) structure: Zincblende111.mcm
Simple cubic structure: SC100.mcm
Body-centered cubic structure: BCC100.mcm
Face-centered cubic structure: FCC100.mcm

Semiconductor International: This site contains a wealth of information on semiconductor technology and the semiconductor industry.




Last updated: 12/11/06
Ed Yu
ety@ece.ucsd.edu